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The "Big Picture" of Pain

One myth about pain is that it's only a physical problem. In fact, many different factors affect how a person feels pain. We call this the "bigger picture" of pain. Doctors and scientists call this the “bio-psycho-social” model of pain. 

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The bio-psycho-social model includes biological factors – such as a physical injury to the body or a tumor pressing on a nerve; psychological factors – such emotions and thoughts about pain; and social factors including relationships with others. Whatever you call it, the idea is that many parts of a person's life affect how they experience pain. We've included some examples below:

Physical

Of course, there are the physical causes of pain, and physical reasons that a pain may get worse, including:

Growth of tumor

 

Infection

 

Nerve damage

 

Surgery or complications with treatment

 

Swelling or inflammation

Here are some physical reasons that pain may get better​​:

Tumors shrinking because of treatment

 

Wound healing

 

Pain medications

 

Massage or other treatments to reduce muscle tension

Thoughts / Your Mind

It’s also important to consider how we think about pain. Some types of thinking can make pain feel more severe and can make a person feel more limited by their pain. Other types of thinking can improve pain and help a person cope with it better.

Paying too much attention to pain can make you feel more limited by your pain, and can make the pain feel worse

 

Memories of being in pain can make pain feel worse

  • Always follow the instructions on your prescription bottle.
    Never take a higher dose of your opioids, or take them more often than prescribed. Instructions on medicine bottles can be confusing. Short-acting opioids are often prescribed with a range of doses you can take. For example: “Take 1-2 tablets every 3 hours as needed for pain.” This means it’s OK to take up to 2 tablets within a 3-hour time window. You can also choose to take less than this, or not take it at all (if your pain is controlled). Take them with a sip of water, with or without food.
  • Take them when you have pain and need quick relief.
    These take about 30 minutes to start working and 1 ½ hour to get the most relief, so take them early on when you feel your pain creeping up.
  • If you don’t have pain, don’t take them.
    If your pain is manageable and you don’t expect it to get worse, you shouldn’t take this medicine. It should be used “as needed” when you have pain.
  • Take them before your pain gets severe.
    Try to “stay ahead” of your pain by taking your short-acting opioid early on when you notice your pain getting worse. If you wait until your pain is severe, it often takes more medication and a longer time to get your pain under control. Pay attention to your body as you learn about your pain and how you react to opioids. Most people start recognizing their body’s signals about when they need to take their short-acting opioid for breakthrough pain.
  • Choose the dose that matches your pain level.
    Most short-acting opioid prescriptions have a range of doses you can choose to take within a given time-period. A common example is take 1-2 tablets every 3 hours as needed. If your pain is severe, start with the higher dose (for example: 2 tablets). If your pain is less severe, you can start with the lower dose (for example: 1 tablet). If your pain isn’t significantly better after 30 minutes to an hour, you can take the rest of the dose.
  • Take them about 30 minutes before painful activities.
    Some people know they will have pain with certain activities, like walking or taking a long car ride. Think of activities that usually worsen your pain. To help you be more active, you may want to take your short-acting opioid 30 minutes beforehand.
  • If your short-acting opioid is not working well, talk to your care team.
    Every person is different and it can take some time to find the right medicines and right doses for you. Your care team might decide to increase the dose of your opioid or change to a different medication. The important thing is to let them know how you are doing.
  • Always follow the instructions on your prescription bottle.
    Never take a higher dose of your opioids, or take them more often than prescribed. Instructions on medicine bottles can be confusing. Short-acting opioids are often prescribed with a range of doses you can take. For example: “Take 1-2 tablets every 3 hours as needed for pain.” This means it’s OK to take up to 2 tablets within a 3-hour time window. You can also choose to take less than this, or not take it at all (if your pain is controlled). Take them with a sip of water, with or without food.
  • Take them when you have pain and need quick relief.
    These take about 30 minutes to start working and 1 ½ hour to get the most relief, so take them early on when you feel your pain creeping up.
  • If you don’t have pain, don’t take them.
    If your pain is manageable and you don’t expect it to get worse, you shouldn’t take this medicine. It should be used “as needed” when you have pain.
  • Take them before your pain gets severe.
    Try to “stay ahead” of your pain by taking your short-acting opioid early on when you notice your pain getting worse. If you wait until your pain is severe, it often takes more medication and a longer time to get your pain under control. Pay attention to your body as you learn about your pain and how you react to opioids. Most people start recognizing their body’s signals about when they need to take their short-acting opioid for breakthrough pain.
  • Choose the dose that matches your pain level.
    Most short-acting opioid prescriptions have a range of doses you can choose to take within a given time-period. A common example is take 1-2 tablets every 3 hours as needed. If your pain is severe, start with the higher dose (for example: 2 tablets). If your pain is less severe, you can start with the lower dose (for example: 1 tablet). If your pain isn’t significantly better after 30 minutes to an hour, you can take the rest of the dose.
  • Take them about 30 minutes before painful activities.
    Some people know they will have pain with certain activities, like walking or taking a long car ride. Think of activities that usually worsen your pain. To help you be more active, you may want to take your short-acting opioid 30 minutes beforehand.
  • If your short-acting opioid is not working well, talk to your care team.
    Every person is different and it can take some time to find the right medicines and right doses for you. Your care team might decide to increase the dose of your opioid or change to a different medication. The important thing is to let them know how you are doing.

Emotional

Emotions also influence our pain. This means that negative emotions like sadness, anxiety, fear, and anger can all make pain feel more intense. 

 

The opposite is also true. Positive emotions like happiness, humor, or peace can make pain feel better.  These different feelings are all normal parts of life. It’s not about avoiding the emotions but instead trying to find ways to cope with them in the moment.

 

For specific tips, read these articles:

Feelings that make pain worse​​:

Feelings that make pain better​​:

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Actions

Actions you take to respond to the pain can also affect how you feel.

 

  • Stretching or rubbing the area that hurts

  • Guarding yourself from moving parts of your body that hurt

  • Being more or less active than usual

  • Resting more or less than usual

  • Avoiding activities you enjoy or love

Social

It’s hard to spend time with other people when pain is severe. However, research has shown that staying connected to people you care about, and staying engaged in activities you value can help with your pain.

 

Spending time with others can lift your spirits, which helps with pain. Getting support from others can make you feel less alone, and help you think of ways to cope with your pain. Staying connected with your community can also help you be more active, which tends to help pain.

  • Always follow the instructions on your prescription bottle.
    Never take a higher dose of your opioids, or take them more often than prescribed. Instructions on medicine bottles can be confusing. Short-acting opioids are often prescribed with a range of doses you can take. For example: “Take 1-2 tablets every 3 hours as needed for pain.” This means it’s OK to take up to 2 tablets within a 3-hour time window. You can also choose to take less than this, or not take it at all (if your pain is controlled). Take them with a sip of water, with or without food.
  • Take them when you have pain and need quick relief.
    These take about 30 minutes to start working and 1 ½ hour to get the most relief, so take them early on when you feel your pain creeping up.
  • If you don’t have pain, don’t take them.
    If your pain is manageable and you don’t expect it to get worse, you shouldn’t take this medicine. It should be used “as needed” when you have pain.
  • Take them before your pain gets severe.
    Try to “stay ahead” of your pain by taking your short-acting opioid early on when you notice your pain getting worse. If you wait until your pain is severe, it often takes more medication and a longer time to get your pain under control. Pay attention to your body as you learn about your pain and how you react to opioids. Most people start recognizing their body’s signals about when they need to take their short-acting opioid for breakthrough pain.
  • Choose the dose that matches your pain level.
    Most short-acting opioid prescriptions have a range of doses you can choose to take within a given time-period. A common example is take 1-2 tablets every 3 hours as needed. If your pain is severe, start with the higher dose (for example: 2 tablets). If your pain is less severe, you can start with the lower dose (for example: 1 tablet). If your pain isn’t significantly better after 30 minutes to an hour, you can take the rest of the dose.
  • Take them about 30 minutes before painful activities.
    Some people know they will have pain with certain activities, like walking or taking a long car ride. Think of activities that usually worsen your pain. To help you be more active, you may want to take your short-acting opioid 30 minutes beforehand.
  • If your short-acting opioid is not working well, talk to your care team.
    Every person is different and it can take some time to find the right medicines and right doses for you. Your care team might decide to increase the dose of your opioid or change to a different medication. The important thing is to let them know how you are doing.
  • Always follow the instructions on your prescription bottle.
    Never take a higher dose of your opioids, or take them more often than prescribed. Instructions on medicine bottles can be confusing. Short-acting opioids are often prescribed with a range of doses you can take. For example: “Take 1-2 tablets every 3 hours as needed for pain.” This means it’s OK to take up to 2 tablets within a 3-hour time window. You can also choose to take less than this, or not take it at all (if your pain is controlled). Take them with a sip of water, with or without food.
  • Take them when you have pain and need quick relief.
    These take about 30 minutes to start working and 1 ½ hour to get the most relief, so take them early on when you feel your pain creeping up.
  • If you don’t have pain, don’t take them.
    If your pain is manageable and you don’t expect it to get worse, you shouldn’t take this medicine. It should be used “as needed” when you have pain.
  • Take them before your pain gets severe.
    Try to “stay ahead” of your pain by taking your short-acting opioid early on when you notice your pain getting worse. If you wait until your pain is severe, it often takes more medication and a longer time to get your pain under control. Pay attention to your body as you learn about your pain and how you react to opioids. Most people start recognizing their body’s signals about when they need to take their short-acting opioid for breakthrough pain.
  • Choose the dose that matches your pain level.
    Most short-acting opioid prescriptions have a range of doses you can choose to take within a given time-period. A common example is take 1-2 tablets every 3 hours as needed. If your pain is severe, start with the higher dose (for example: 2 tablets). If your pain is less severe, you can start with the lower dose (for example: 1 tablet). If your pain isn’t significantly better after 30 minutes to an hour, you can take the rest of the dose.
  • Take them about 30 minutes before painful activities.
    Some people know they will have pain with certain activities, like walking or taking a long car ride. Think of activities that usually worsen your pain. To help you be more active, you may want to take your short-acting opioid 30 minutes beforehand.
  • If your short-acting opioid is not working well, talk to your care team.
    Every person is different and it can take some time to find the right medicines and right doses for you. Your care team might decide to increase the dose of your opioid or change to a different medication. The important thing is to let them know how you are doing.
Want to learn more?
Check out these articles:
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